Essay on Arthur Mervyn - 1028 Words

Charles Brockden Browns novel, Arthur Mervyn, has been read by people across America from the late eighteenth century up until today. Brown targeted many audiences in this novel but there is one in particular that not only had an impact on people then, but can still captivate many in todays society. That specific group involves people who are fighting an incurable illness, such as the Yellow Fever, as described in the book. Although it was written in the late 1700s, people in the twenty-first century can still relate to the characters in the book, and understand what they were feeling at that time. The goal of this paper is to show that Browns main intended audience was towards the incurably sick and that even over two hundred†¦show more content†¦I felt as if I inhaled a poisonous and subtle fluid...some fatal influence seemed to seize upon my vitals; and the work of corrosion and decomposition to be busily begun (144). People often times make assumptions about things when they dont really know what is going on. This is still the case in todays time, when people assume the cause is one thing when it could be something completely different. Mervyn seemed to know at this point that he was destined to die. Most of the fever victims had no hopes of living once they contracted the illness. He later found sanctuary in the home of Welbeck, in hopes of breathing his last there, stating, All I sought was the privilege of dying alone (182). The Yellow Fever is no different than many incurable diseases that we are fighting in todays society, such as AIDS, Hepatitis AB, Herpes, certain Cancers, Ebola and the Killer Flu. When a person contacts some incurable disease, they must learn to live the rest of their lives with it, no matter how long that may be. Victims of these diseases can read Arthur Mervyn and relate to the way that the victims of the Yellow Fever felt; the only thing left to look forward to in life is death. Scientists today still havent found cures for so many of these diseases, just like the physicians in ArthurShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Family Notebook 2051 Words   |  9 PagesCharacterization of Noel Kegalle (i) – includes descriptions of the author’s grandfather, Phillip. There are a series of things mentioned that are primarily in their family like liquor, diabetes, and hot tempers. †¢ More characterization of the author’s father, Mervyn Don’t Talk to Me About Matisse: It is a combination of multiple writing styles including journal entries and poems. Dives into cultural aspects of Ceylon. Tabula Asiae – describes the false maps of Ceylon that Ondaatje’s brother has in his room andRead MoreRunning in the Family3954 Words   |  16 Pagesnarrative together in an orderly fashion. The focus of the book is Michaels family. The Ondaatje family had lived in Ceylon for centuries, so he has a large number of relatives who live there. The main focus of the book is on his alcoholic father, Mervyn Ondaatje. He also focuses on his outrageous grandmother Lalla. In the acknowledgments, Michael notes that his book is a composite, or a mixture of his two return journeys to Sri Lanka in 1978 and 1980. He stayed for several months each time, firstRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s I Became Insane, With Long Intervals Of Horrible Sanity 1497 Words   |  6 Pagesfriend in the area. The summer after Brown published Wieland, Brown and his friend were diagnosed with yellow fever. Brown eventually recovered, but his friend died. He became very busy with work shortly after his friend’s death. He published Arthur Mervyn and Edgar Huntly. The novels explored issues such as insanity, an atmosphere of mystery, suicide and murder. After 1800, Charles Brockden Brown became more interested in having a family (Rollyson 62). He began his courtship while writing his lastRead MoreThe Beginnings Of Cinema United States1931 Words   |  8 Pageslate 1920s arose new film genres: the screens came to be dominated by musicals (with many films of dances, especially Busby Berkeley) and gangster films, which dealt two issues of today: the Great Depression and Prohibition (eg, Little Caesar , of Mervyn LeRoy, in 1930, or Scarface, the terror of the underworld , Howard Hawks, 1932). The classic genre of the principles of sound became known as a type of comedy screwball , characterized by a fast - paced action and irreverent humor (Capra, Hawks).Read MoreSupernatural in American Fiction Essay2928 Words   |  12 Pagesearly days did not understand much about their universe. 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The classic genre of the principles of sound became known as a type of comedy screwball , characterized by a fast - paced action and irreverent humor (Capra, Hawks).Read More Jamaican Culture and Society Essay2959 Words   |  12 PagesWater. Maggibbon Kee: London. 1957 Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. Oxford University Press: New York, 1990. Lawson, Winston Arthur. Religion and Race: African and European Roots in Conflict- A Jamaican Testament. Peter Lang Publishing: New York, 1996. Morris, Mervyn. Making West Indian Literature University of the West Indies 2013. Web 9 May 2015. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1280context=anthurium Read More The Death of the ‘Authorlessness Theory’? Essay6470 Words   |  26 Pages1951], hostile about so many other things, were in agreement that a director was simply one more tool to be used in the making of motion pictures.† (136) If Victor Fleming was a tool of MGM, lacking the authority of Mayer or producer Mervyn LeRoy, how can he be said to be the film’s author? In the other examples I have given, authority and control were crucial prerequisites for the position. Fleming was the third director for The Wizard of Oz. King Vidor (the film’sRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pages(Bingham and Scholt 1980). Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscripts devoted specifically to â€Å"children’s literature,† thereRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pages Death Takes a Holiday, Easy Living Warner Brothers --------------- * Known For: Working-class grittiness; also, musicals and biopics * In Charge: Jack Harry Warner, Hal Willis * Directors: Michael Curtiz, Mervyn LeRoy, Busby Berkeley * Actresses: Bette Davis, Joan Blondell, Barbara Stanwyck * Actors: James Cagney, Edward G. Robinson, Paul Muni, Erroll Flynn, Humphrey Bogart * Typical Films: Little Caesar, Public Enemy, I Am

19th and 20th Century of Europe - 932 Words

Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries Introduction During the 19th and 20th century, Europe witnessed its so-called demographic transition, with a fall in birth rates and an even greater fall in mortality rates, which led to a rapid increase in the population. The demographic transition was essentially a result of a decrease in chronic infectious diseases like tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, measles, dysentery, and typhoid fever. The wage dispersion evidence suggests that the middle of the 19th century is an appropriate date for the start of modern convergence in the Atlantic economy. One might view this convergence as one of transition toward globally-integrated Atlantic factor markets. The convergence in wages from about 1854†¦show more content†¦And while restrictions on farm imports are still prominent in Europe today, OECD farm sectors are far too small to matter economy-wide to the extent that they did a century ago. Furthermore, the migrations from poor to rich countries today are pretty trivial affairs compared with the mass migrations up to World War I. Today, only the U.S. has across-the-border migration rates anything like those recorded all over the converging Atlantic economy prior to the quotas. And governments today have far more sophisticated ways to compensate losers than they had a century ago. Conclusion In conclusion we can say that during the 19th and 20th century the well-to-do European economies of that time included the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany, as well as Britain. In contrast, the nine members of the European periphery at this time were Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. (Austria and Denmark can be viewed as straddling the margin between core and periphery.) The industrial core countries had levels of GDP per head 67 percent higher than the poor European periphery (ORourke, 1997), and their real wages were 86 percent higher than the periphery. Note again that the sample excludes east and southeast Europe simply because the late 19th century data are inadequate for those regions. We do know, however, that these countries were relativelyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The 19th Century1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe 19th century contributed to Europe’s history in the form of ideologies. In contrast to the 20th century, there were no wars or acts of violence used to support these ideologies; instead the forces of capitalism drove the history of the 19th century. By this notion, the last time Europe had experienced extreme forms of violence was during the French Revolution, therefore the decades before the 20th century were relatively peaceful. In the summer of 1914, Europe crossed the point of no return withRead MoreThe 19th And 20th Century Imperialism1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe 19th and 20th century imperialism was substantially about the exploitation of the empires colonies and thus was not a necessarily an ‘civilizing mission’. During the 19th and 20th century European powers tried to justify their actions, by claiming that they were trying to re-educate the native population through education, this included Christian missionaries which were placed throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, it became apparent that these powers gained significant wealth byRead More The P urpose of Theatre during the 20th Century1722 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the 20th Century Throughout centuries, theatre has been an enormous impact throughout society. During the 18th century, theatre had played a significant role to society because it emphasized Rationalism (The Age of Reason), which began to lead away from the limitations of Neoclassicism. Then in the 19th century, theatre was important because it introduced Melodrama or music drama to increasingly emphasize the emotions and personalities of the characters. And finally the 20th centuryRead MoreThe Rise Of The Late And Early 20th Century1693 Words   |  7 Pages The period surrounding the late and early 20th century was the most dramatic era in modern history. It was a period where Western ideals were pushed by motivated empires with ambitions of wealth and expanding territory and, while impossible to distinguish the most influencing factor that led to the Westernization of nations on a global scale, it is easy to determine key points that played important roles in world history. With Western cultures emerging with both technological and military advantageRead MoreDifference of Ideals Between 19th and 20th Centuries1057 Words   |  5 PagesDifference of Ideals between 19th and 20th Centuries There are many ideals that occurred over the 19th and 20th centuries. These ideals covered many genres of music from piano music, orchestral pieces, to operas. The composers of these times tried many different techniques and styles making a lasting impression on the Romantic era of music. Some of the most influential composers during the 19th century that we discussed were Franz Schubert, Hector Berlioz, Frederic Chopin, Felix MendelssohnRead MoreAmerican Foreign Policy Since World War 21395 Words   |  6 Pagesof the 20th century, the United States had a policy of detachment. This was rooted in the believe that Europe, the only other meaningful powerful in the world in the 18th and 19th century, had intrinsic issues related to feudism that kept the continent in a constant state of war (Hook Spanier, 2015). The U.S on its part was far away from Europe and had a unique chance to chart a different course, one free from the troubles of Europe. As a democracy free from the class systems of Europe and henceRead MoreThe Path Of Federal Vote For Women During The Mexican Revolution1502 Words   |  7 PagesLiberal was a big concerned for women and fear that women might harm and cause more problems to the progressive politics (Pablos 45, 60). The battle for the right to vote was only thought in England, Europe and United States. However, women in Mexico going through the same movement in 19th and 20th centuries. Their involvement in politics and economics opened the door of widening to the gender roles. The Revolution helped them organized politically to go after the equal rights and end the women suffrageRead MoreThe Concept of Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century1228 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century: The concept of nationalism is in essence an odd organization that has had significant impacts in world history through shaping the political and social aspects of the society. As an important aspect in the development of the society, the concept of nationalism has basically been analyzed based on its impact on the emergence of nation-states across the globe. In most cases, these analyses have been conducted to determine the influence of nationalism onRead MoreSigmund Freud, Joseph Conrad, And Tadeusz Borowski1390 Words   |  6 Pagesand Tadeusz Borowski were some of the most influential voices during 20th century Europe. Europe at the time was transitioning from being one of the most powerful and intellectual nations, to now experiencing human suffering, revolutions, and war. Due to this, these intellectual thinkers began to drift away from 19th-century enlightenment ideas, such as liberty, progress, and a constitutional government. They began to question Europe s achievements and started criticizing progress, rationality, andRead MoreThe Illusion Of Popular Culture983 Words   |  4 Pages The Illusion of Popular Culture In the early 19th century a man by the name of Phineas Taylor Barnum changed popular culture with his extraordinary talent of promoting and advertising. His first success came with a slave woman known as â€Å"Joice Heath† who he claimed to be the nurse of George Washington. If this was true it would put Joice at 161 years old, thousands of people went to see â€Å"The greatest natural and national curiosity in the world† (Perlman 4/6/16) which turned Joice from an elderly

Matt Van Noy Essay Example For Students

Matt Van Noy Essay History Pd. 69-26-03Dear Father,This is your son, Bonswaga. As you know, I am now settled inMesopotamia. Hammurabi, the leader here, has made certain laws and rules tofollow by, along with severe consequences. This is what I wanted to writeto you about. There may be simple laws, and if you do not follow them,there are severe consequences, for example, just to tell if one is innocentor guilty, you must lick a smoldering hot iron spoon!One law has to do with stealing animals and I quote, If a man hasstolen an ox, a sheep, a pig, or a boat that belonged to a temple orpalace, he shall repay thirty times its cost. If it belonged to a privatecitizen, he shall repay ten times. If the thief cannot pay, he shall be putto death. Now, to me, that is a very serious consequence. Another law says, If a woman hates her husband and says to him,You cannot be with me, the authorities in her district will investigatethe case. If she has been chaste and without fault, even though her husbandhas neglected or belittled her, she will be held innocent and may return toher fathers house if the woman is at fault, she shall be thrown intothe river. To me, just for not wanting to be with someone, one should notbe thrown into the river for such an insignificant thing!I may wish to come back in the next few months or so, especially ifit gets too strict around here. In fact, I am not sure if I am allowed toeven write this letter, I might get my fingers chopped off or something, soI must end this letter now. Your son,Bonswaga

Memento an Analytical Essay Essay Example

Memento: an Analytical Essay Essay Because people have seen a lot of movies on their lives with different stories but with the same style, the film Memento have achieved the things that people are looking nowadays: an Orlando and cleverly plotter story line and an exquisite story telling style that had caught peoples attention when It was released. Memento shows that a good story is the one with originality and complexity with the style of how the story is presented because although the main plot of the movie s not that exquisite when watch in reverse, the style and uniqueness of the film lifted up the whole story. The movie has this style that we have not seen before from any other films weve watched; it used alternating time frames. The one in color have a reverse chronological order which started with Leonard Shelby (the protagonist) killing a man named Teddy. The other one Is In black and white view wherein Leonard was having a telephone conversation with an unknown caller. Chronologically, black and white sequences come first followed by the color sequences. This Is not the typical style use by many directors and writers because they want their viewers and readers to understand their works as clearly as possible. Normally, they use flashback and the traditional story telling. The film made us confuse but that confusion created curiosity, which make us put ourselves into it?to watch and to finish the whole movie. It is not easy to comprehend the whole message or even the plot of the film, but that made it more interesting. We will write a custom essay sample on Memento: an Analytical Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Memento: an Analytical Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Memento: an Analytical Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You have to listen and thatch carefully for you to get every detail you need and to connect every event that was shown to understand what was happening in the film, and why it was happening. The story telling style of the director (Christopher Nolan) keep you hanging for more information and events; there was always a cliffhanger on every transition of the film that would make you curious and you would start to have these questions on your heads. These questions made us to hold on our chairs to know every answer. This will really test your patience and Walt for more Polaroid hotplates and body tattoos of Leonard that will provides you the hints for the mystery behind the death of his wife and understand the plotting of the movie. The movie did not only test our patience but also our thinking skills, because every moment of the film was like a puzzle that made us think and deduct about the truth about what is happening to Leonard. These are the ingredients needed for a literary masterpiece that each student must bear on their minds: ideas should be original, complex yet understandable, controversial, and unique. It should also be presented in the same manner, adding that it should be interested and cleverly plotted that would put your readers to the edge of their seats. We think that the turning point of the movie was when Leonard was on the phone and saw his body tattoo that says Dont answer the phone. That part made the two timeliness connected to each other. Writers should always remember that In presenting different events there should be connection between events being presented. The way the director tells the story rates anxiety Ana anticipation to Its viewers. It creates drama Tanat makes Its audience want to play it faster. The more they knew about Lemonades activities in the movie, questions circulate around their minds. Their curiosity grew bigger and bigger and they want to knew what is behind ever bit of the story. If a student writes the way the director conveys the story, readers will love to read what he writes because the only antidote to the readers curiosity is if he reads the whole story.

Evaluating My Life In Light Of Eriksons Psychosocial Stages essays

Evaluating My Life In Light Of Eriksons Psychosocial Stages essays Evaluating My Life In Light Of Eriksons Psychosocial Stages I think, over the period involving the first 12 to 18 months of my life, I was able to resolve the first of Eriksons psychosocial stages adequately. My mother, during this time, supplied me with appropriate provisions of food, warmth, and the comfort of physical closeness. This allowed me to understand and accept that objects and people exist even when I could not see them. This was a major stepping stone where the foundation for trust became important. In the next period of my life, from about 18 months to 3 years of age, I was able to resolve the second of Eriksons psychosocial stages adequately. It was around this time that I began to assume important responsibilities for my own self-care like feed myself, using the toilet on my own, and dressing myself. It was during this time also that I began learning many physical skills, including walking and grasping. I learned that I could control my own body and its functions. And that I could make things happen. Eriksons third stage of psychosocial development came between the ages of 3 to 6 years of age. I was continuing to become more assertive and to take more initiative. My mother and my teachers at school encouraged this. I am pretty sure that I was allowed, at least on he weekends (Ha Ha), to choose what I wanted to wear and was allowed to wear whatever I had chosen. In the fourth stage of Eriksons psychosocial development, between 6 and 12 years of age, I was learning to see the relationship between perseverance and the pleasure of a job well done. I was physically and mentally ready to be productive and to do work on my own. I also had many friends at this time and understood what friendship was. I believe that having good friends and peers helped me to be productive and succeed in both school and after school activities. In Eriksons identity vs. role confusion"...

Neologisms Come and Go

Neologisms Come and Go Neologisms Come and Go Neologisms Come and Go By Mark Nichol New words are being developed all the time, and there’s nothing we can do to stop this continuous expansion of our vocabulary- other than stop speaking, writing, and thinking, that is. After all, every word was new once. However, the lexicographical graveyard is crowded both with words that never caught on and with others that were long ubiquitous but are now obsolete. And though many dictionary entries have existed for decades, and quite a few are centuries old, many neologisms do not survive. Dictionary.com recently announced that it is adding about 300 new words to its website and updating nearly 2,000 more definitions to reflect changes and additions to word meanings. Some of the new words have been coined in response to an evolving understanding of gender and sexuality. For example, hijra, borrowed from Hindustani, refers to transgender people. (Some Asian countries have begun to recognize as a third gender people who identify as a gender other than the one they were assigned at birth.) Misgender is a term pertaining to the misidentification of a person’s gender. Panromantic denotes someone whose sexual attraction is not limited by gender. Meanwhile, ze is the result of a persistent effort among gender activists to remedy the awkward absence of an official English pronoun that pertains to both- ahem, all- genders. (Here’s the already widely accepted solution to that problem.) No matter what your opinion about gender fluidity or gender identity, such words will continue to elbow their way into dictionaries; after all, they fill a need that some people believe exists. These specific terms might not survive, but because art imitates life, the art of verbal expression will always evolve to reflect changes to culture and society. Other words that pertain to gender or sexuality but have more jocular senses are more likely to be ephemeral. New Dictionary.com entries in these categories that no one should bet on include lumbersexual, a play on metrosexual- does anyone use that word anymore?- that refers to men who affect outdoorsy-looking attire in urban settings; manspread, referring to the habit among some males of claiming more than their fair share of seating space by parting their legs widely; and presstitute, a portmanteau word of sorts describing a journalist biased toward financial interests. Then there’s â€Å"mom jeans,† a phrase referring to an unfashionable item of clothing. One can influence the acceptance or rejection of terms on a small scale by refusing to use them or by avoiding publications or programs that do so, but development of new vocabulary terms is an organic process that, like life itself, is not easily suppressed. But as is the case with new types of life-forms, many new words will not prevail. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsWhat to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowPunctuation Is Powerful

U07a1 Project Personal Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U07a1 Project Personal Case Study - Essay Example I allot the one hour to use the club and play else I use the gym for an hour each day. In most cases they alternate each day. My main issue however is that I have a little difficulty in the beginning to speak to people and I take time to open up to others. Although I am a very sociable person my first meetings is generally quite different. People tend to believe that I am a quite person who prefers to keep to self and not involve in any activities. However this is clearly different once they get to know me better. Basing my case with the various studies that have been presented in the past, this paper will deal with understanding me based on two main theories, i.e. Loevinger’s Theory of Ego Development and Erikson’s Theory of Psychological Development. Before moving into these theories, I will discuss my role in the orphanages and an attempt will be made to analyse the anticipated development at the organisation (Carver & Scheir, 2000). As mentioned earlier, I love to spend time at the orphanages and to participate to the best extent to assist the children here. I try to spend at least 2 – 3 days during the evenings (around three to four hours each day) to be with the children and to help them out with their studies, or any other problem that they might have. I have a very strong attachment with these children as they have to go through so much in life at such early stages and need to get through the most crucial ages of life without the love and support of their parents. Hence I try my best to assist them in ways like studies, or simply being there for them to talk too and to assist them get through the various changes that they face without feeling the lack of families. I try my best to assist as much as I can however not in terms of monetary manners but in simple other gestures like being there and being a good friend (McCrae & Costa, 1997). a) Pre Social and Symbiotic Stage: This stage is mostly during the stage of infancy and this kind of ego is

The physical access control security Research Paper

The physical access control security - Research Paper Example Acumen Legal service is a firm that deals with consultancy of issues of family and divorce, which are private and confidential As such, information should only be accessed by authorized personnel. The organization has instilled various security measures that restrict physical access to the information, which can be used to harm the clients. The aim of this essay is to describe the physical security measures at the workplace and their weaknesses. The door at the entrance of the building or an office is the key access point. The operator controls the main door and opens it after the guard and the electronic system have checked the entrants to the building. The offices at the workplace have an electronic access control door, which has a standalone electric lock and a reader unlocks it. The readers; a keypad where a code is entered transmits the number of the card to the control panel of access that validates the number against the access list (Fenelly, 2001). The exit door is not controlled but only the entry of the door. The company did away with the closed circuit television (CCTV) and employed the use of automated systems using video to monitor the movement of individuals within and twenty yards around the work area. Review occurs in case an attack occurs and proper action is taken. The shots taken by the camera are usually transmitted on the computer networks (Fenelly, 2001). The shots taken are digitalized and become data, which is easier to store, manage and restrict access, than in the previous format. The people who have authority to access the area in which computers are kept should be restricted. This is because of theft, vandalism and unauthorized access of the workplace and systems. The control access system handles different categories of personnel, each who have different conditions of success in the workplace. They include operators and system users who work in the secure area regularly, engineers and support staffs that need access on occasions and

Scholarship Essay Essay Example for Free

Scholarship Essay Essay I graduated from the University of Kansas exactly five years ago this month and thoughts of going back to school to get my MBA have filled my head every day since. It has been a dream of mine to follow in my mothers footsteps and get an MBA with a focus on entrepreneurship. Now that I have been accepted into the MBA program at Loyola Marymount University my dreams are coming true, I am pursuing my MBA with a focus not only on entrepreneurship but also on marketing, I couldnt ask for anything more. Well that is I almost couldnt ask for anything more. See more: how to write a scholarship essay for study abroad I am applying for the selected scholarships and grants in hopes of getting some help in paying for this expensive venture. I am not currently employed, not because I do not want to work, but because the family that owns the event marketing company where I had been working for over two and a half years did not think it was a good idea for me to go back to school and get my MBA. Basically they saw no benefit to their company and therefore rather than work around my class schedule, they instead let me go. I plan to get a part time job, hopefully as a Graduate Assistant on campus to help foot some of the tuition bill. My husband is a Beverly Hills police officer in-training, which means that he puts in many hours, both in classes and on the street, with high hopes of someday making a good living, the emphasis here on the someday. All in all we make enough to pay our expenses, but with both of us facing costly tuition bills this fall, loans are going to have to cover what scholarships and grants do not. I work hard at what I do and I have been rewarded for my efforts along the way. While in high school, through DECA, a non-profit educational marketing foundation, I wrote an extensive business plan for the ground floor construction and successful operation of a community-based teen center. My efforts were rewarded with an academic college scholarship for entrepreneurship from the American Womens Business Association. Professionally I am proud to say that I have advanced quickly through the ranks at both a nationally recognized advertising agency and an established event marketing company. I was promoted from Controller to Account Manager to Regional Supervisor within a year while at the advertising agency. When I worked at the event company I was hired as an Assistant Event Manager, with  no prior event experience, and I was promoted within two months to Event Manager, with management tasks including leading a new business initiative and planning and producing large-scale corporate events. I am excited to be going back to school and I plan on working as hard at this venture as I have at all of the rest along the way. Every little bit helps and I hope that I am awarded a scholarship not only based on financial need but also based on merit. I look forward to a year of challenging classes, international study (through the CMS course offered through the MBA program) and academic achievement. Please help me be able to take full advantage of everything that this university has to offer by financially making it feasible. Thank you, I truly appreciate your time and effort.

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Artificial Restraints in Lord of the Flies "GOLDING PUTS SO MANY ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINTS ON HIS STORY IN ORDER TO EMPHASISE HIS POINT, THAT THE WHOLE THING COMES OUT TOO NEATLY AND, IN FACT, REDUCES THE POWER OF HIS MESSAGE." I think that, while the boys experience immense bad luck due to the author, the story still proves its point. It is still possible though, that the bad luck of the boys could have been experienced in real life. I think that without this bad luck, the point of the story wouldn’t be as great, because without the restraint’s Golding placed on the boys, life on the island would have been too easy for the boys. The major constraint that Golding puts on the boys is the personality clash between Jack and Ralph. From the beginning, when Ralph is elected leader, Jack hates Ralph, and towards the end of the book, the feeling becomes mutual. Without Jack and Ralph’s problems, life would have been easy, and the ‘darkness of man’s heart’ would not have been conveyed to the reader. Jack shows ‘the darkness’ and if he and Ralph had just been friends, there would never have been an opportunity for Jack to show this darkness which lurked beneath the surface. Golding also uses the dead pilot conveniently against the boys - the way in which he is caught in the trees just in the right position to be caught by the wind and look like the beast and the way the wind picks up after Simon has let him down from the trees and carries him out to sea, so that the other boys cannot see that it wasn’t a beast. The author uses the boy’s fear against them, and although this could possibly happen in the situation, Golding uses it as a weapon against them, their morale and their companionship. I think that the boys split up and go to Jack because of the fear - he can kill the beast, he can get them meat, and if they ever get upset, he can start a dance and all will be fine.

Plato’s Conception of Justice Essay

The Republic is a dialogue between Socrates, Plato’s brothers, the Sophist Thrasymachus, along with Cephalus and his son, Polymarchus. The first book of the republic involves a presentation and refutation of the different views on justice. Socrates used the method of elenchus in order to show the flaws of the argument. Cephalus The topic concerning justice has started when Cephalus commented on living a just life. For preliminary, Cephalus have offered a definition of justice as that of telling the truth and paying someone what you owe. However, this idea was debunk by Socrates by offering a counter-argument which ask if this still hold in the case of a madman or someone who is insane. To further clarify, this issue that Socrates presents was whether or not a person shall return a knife that was borrowed from another person. With respect to Cephalus’s interpretation of justice, the knife shall be given back to its owner. However, Socrates presented a case, wherein the owner of the knife has gone insane and was planning to kill someone else. The madman was asking for his knife to be returned. Socrates, ask if giving back the knife shall still imply justice. Cephalus, himself, agreed with Socrates that this shall not imply what justice is. However, Cephalus have not managed to give further argument since he has to attend on certain things regarding the presentation of sacrifice. In the beginning of the conversion between Cephalus and Socrates, Cephalus could be characterized as someone who is very willing to converse with Socrates. Yet, when his idea was out rightly rejected to be false or to contain flaws he escape from the conversation using an alibi that something else came up and must be done, leaving the argument on the hands of his son, Polemarchus. Cephalus’s definition of justice and the way he reacts seems a bit related to how capitalist thinks. The mention of returning someone else’s favor or paying debts is a proof of this. For business people it would be just to return the debt you owe. Not doing so would be regarded as cheating or not being fair. Also, telling the truth is a must in the business world, if one would lie about certain transactions or about the real cost of something, it would is tantamount to deceiving the other person. The other person would not trust the liar anymore and the liar’s business would sooner or later fall down. Telling the truth is indeed just, since lying is always viewed as an injustice. However, as the case presented by Socrates shows, there are times, wherein man ought to tell lies and not to return debts or something one has borrow. With respect on how Socrates clarifies his point, it is obvious that giving back what you have borrowed and telling the truth does not guarantee a just action as what Cephalus pointed out, it might even lead to more injustice, if one would not look more closely. Polemarchus Polemarchus continued the dialogue by offering a related definition. He views justice as helping or giving favors to those who give you favor and harming those which does you harm. However, Socrates have been able to point out that, human judgment for whom to consider as a friend or as and enemy is open to error, such that the friend might just be pretending to be a friend and what you think as an enemy might be someone who is a friend. Also, some of your friends might turn as an enemy later in life and vice versa. The same thing goes with some of your friend might not be a good person and some of your enemy might be a good person. Socrates argued that it shall not be the case that you would only give favors to those who you consider as a friend for the time being and give harm to those you consider as an enemy. Polemarchus view was generally an immature view of what is justice. The definition was somewhat childish since it is the same principle as hating your enemies and keeping your friends. It also seems to be the most obvious view about justice in their generation, since it has political underpinnings. As war continued to shape their civilization, it was rational for those people living in that time to view justice in reference to enemies and friends. This shows that those who help you are your friends thus; they must be treated with respect and kindness. On the other hand, those who go against you or your country are considered as your enemy. Since â€Å"enemies† goal is to destroy or conquer each other, it would be rational not to help them and do them harm as what Polemarchus is trying to imply.   Relatively, Polemarchus holds the same view as Cephalus with respect to â€Å"giving someone what is owed to them†.   While Cephalus tried to incorporate money matters on his definition, Polemarchus treat his definition as a general version of what Cephalus has been trying to imply. Nevertheless, Socrates, remains unconvinced of their definition of justice, for both could be derived from flawed premises. Cephalus definition could not be generalized to cover all circumstances, while Polemarchus view is too relative and/or subjective. Thrasymachus Seeing how Socrates has been able to debunk the two popular beliefs of justice, Thrasymachus entered the conversation hastily offering a definition of justice that he believes to be better and more accurate. He argued that justice is merely the advantage of that which is stronger. He defends his definition as the advantage of other person aside from the just person himself. According to the statement of Thrasymachus, the person who is just is usually in a disadvantageous position, especially since most of the people are living with injustice. Those who do injustice, as can be observed generally, rise as stronger than those people who try to be just. This illuminates the idea that justice is a convention.   Justice, Thrasymachus believes, is meant to deter the action of the people to benefit other people. Thus he concludes that it would be more rational if justice would be ignored as a whole. To this view, another thing needs further clarification aside from the meaning of justice. The question involves if justice must be done or as Thrasymachus believes, must be ignored. Socrates first tried to clarify whether or not Thrasymachus have been imposing that injustice is actually the right thing to do or if Thrasymachus is advocating injustice over justice. Since by saying that justice is the advantage of that which is stronger, he holds that it is just to acquire more and more of power, wealth and everything else that makes one stronger. At the end of the argument, Socrates has been able to demonstrate how crude it would be to consider injustice as a virtue since it is contrary to wisdom which is a virtue. Furthermore, since Thrasymachus have presented an argument concerning following the instructions of those who are stronger, then it follows according to Socrates, that justice is adhering to certain rules. However, this rules which are set by the ruler/s might not be the right rules after all; as what we could find in the past, wherein leaders are very prone to commit certain errors. There are leaders who even act solely for his advantage, disregarding the efforts and sacrifices of the citizens. Socrates question, if following such ruler/s could still account for justice. Obviously, it does not. Thus, Socrates adds, that justice must be something that promotes the common good. Lastly, Socrates ended up arguing that justice is something that is a desirable virtue, while injustice is contrary to that. Thrasymachus is considered to be a Sophist. Since, he cannot withstand the arguments presented by Socrates; Thrasymachus have accused Socrates of cheating. In the dialogue he has with Socrates, Thrasymachus is portrayed as someone who would not let anyone to be better than him self. His stubbornness and unwillingness to be persuaded along with his constant doubt demonstrate that he would rather live following his false beliefs rather than to be persuaded by someone else. It can be seen on the way in which he defines justice, as that of promoting the interest of that which is stronger. In his dialogue with Socrates, it seems that he’s trying his best to become the stronger by showing everyone most especially to Socrates, that his view regarding justice is correct. At the end, when he could not find a way to further argue against Socrates, he accused him of deception. Discussion The traditional view on justice as have been shown in the Republic could be rooted on Hesoid, who view justice as following certain set of action. One has to be just because if he does not follow the set of actions that were ordained by the Gods, he would be punished and if he follows, he would be rewarded. However, in the time of Socrates and Plato, the view that indeed the Gods blessed those who act just was disregarded since many people who do injustices are seen to be better off than those who are just. This shall be the explanation on the views of justice made by Glaucon, Polemarchus and Thrasymachus. Challenge   Socrates would have to prove that justice is not only good in appearance, he would have to show that indeed, there is a higher level of morality which is beyond human conventions and that it must be followed not merely because of the rewards and punishment that goes with it, but because it is something compelling and universally desirable to do so. This has been the focus of Book II. A further elaboration of what should a just and an unjust man shall do is then presented through a discussion of a story about a mythical ring that would make a man invisible at will. According to the myth, unless men are stupid, a simpleton or just plainly insane, if nobody else could see him he would do unjust things. Indeed, it was always beneficial that men shall appear just and do injustice unknowingly. According to the arguments laid by Adeimantus and Glaucon, men naturally do injustice and it is out of question, since there are several instances wherein man would think that the action is just with respect only to its appearance, whatever the intention might be. It is common for man to give alms for instance, and it is a just action in fact. Whether the money comes from a just or unjust means is out of the question, provided that no one really knows where it came from. The Ideal State In Book III of the Republic, Socrates began to construct an â€Å"ideal just state†.   He does this in able to show that in order to clearly show justice, it shall first be presented without the presence of injustices. In doing so, he discusses that the evils that beset mankind may not come from God for God is all-good, ultimately, evil comes from man himself, in his selfishness and arrogance arise injustice. In Book IV, the ideal state is already finished.   Socrates intends to show that a just state is a state that shall display happiness. Happiness in this sense shall not be composed mainly of the material things, for the citizens of the â€Å"ideal just state† would be happy only if they would be able to do what they have to do.With respect to the ideal state that Socrates has proposed, he concluded that it shall contain wisdom, courage, temperance and justice. Justice is attained when the citizens have practiced his function well. Conclusion In Plato’s republic, Plato has been able to refute the different views on justice by his contemporaries. At the same tine, he has been successful in providing a clear view on what he believes shall be the concept of justice. That it is a virtue that could only be manifested and work best only if the entire state would do what their individual function is. As the dialogue unfolds, the different views on justice were proven to be misleading and are flaws since it is a view that certain group of people advocates. The view of Cepahalus mainly argues the view that the elder group of people usually holds, Polemarchus on the other hand gives a view of someone who is young and determined while the view of Thrasymachus resembles that which cannot accept that he is wrong. All of these views are primarily concerned in the individual justice, while Plato present a kind of holistic approach to justice stating that it must be in a state level to see its entirety and for it to work more effectively. Works Cited Jowett, B. (1901).   PLATO: THE REPUBLIC . The Colonial Press. New York.

Request for Proposal

Technical Writing Fundamental 18 August 2010 Microsoft Computer Desktop Software Training Request for Proposals General Information Prestige Worldwide is preparing to upgrade its computer desktop operating systems and productivity software applications from Windows Vista to Windows 7 and Microsoft Office Professional 2010. Part of the implementation plan is to provide training for all software applications within Windows 7 and Microsoft Office Professional 2010 to all thirty employees.Summary Currently, Prestige Worldwide, Information Technology Division is planning to upgrade our company’s computer software to Windows 7 and Microsoft Office Professional 2010. Making training available for all thirty employees will be part of the software upgrade plan. Prestige Worldwide desires to enter into a contracted agreement with a software training vendor for the training needs of this software upgrade project, as well as for other â€Å"as needed† software application training needs.Recent surveys conducted by the IT Division on training topics, showed in addition to traditional classroom instruction, there was a high percent of company employees who prefer to receive their training via online methods. Survey revealed that those who preferred classroom training, preferred to receive training â€Å"on-site. † As result of company employee surveys, we will be looking toward facilitating these training needs within our organization. Prestige Worldwide will be soliciting vendors that can facilitate both classroom instruction and online web based training.We may select multiple vendors to satisfy our training requirement providing both classroom instruction, and online web-based training. Prestige Worldwide- Information Technology Division (IT) will award the contracted services to the vendor(s) that provide the best value for the desired methods to meet our company training needs. Prestige Worldwide will provide on-site classroom facilities at its San Diego Ca office location, which can accommodate training from one to a group of 30 employees. If you have any question about this proposal, please contact: Dale Doback or Brennan HuffInformation Technology Manger Prestige Worldwide Inc. 4545 Viewridge Ave San Diego, Ca 92123 Office: (619)964-2938 E-Mail: [email  protected] com Purpose As part of the operating system up date to the Windows 7 and Microsoft Office 2010, upgrade. Prestige Worldwide desires to make available software training to all its company employees to assimilate to the new software functions and to maintain level of proficiency, as well as to learn all the new capabilities and features that will increase the skill set of the user of Windows 7 and Microsoft Office Professional 2010.Prestige Worldwide is looking for training that will accomplish this objective. Among criteria and specifications are, but not limited to * Training levels: Beginning, Intermediate, and Advance for 30 employees. * Provide assessment too l for proper course level. * Ability to complete all required training for 30 employees within the allotted 3-week timeframe. * Core desktop software training for Microsoft Office 2010, Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Access and Publisher * Microsoft Certified Trainers * Onsite Instructor-led training Fully hosted, online web-based training * Customized training * Provide course materials, training aids, and related training software. Response and Performance Expectations Executive Summary Provide a brief summary describing training, offerings, and methods. Description of Organization and Qualifications Provide a description of the business, history, and organizational structure of the organization. Experience on similar training engagements Summaries or brief descriptions of minimum of three training engagements that are similar to the requirements of this training.References must be for services provides within the past two years. Include the name of the client and a point of co ntact, date of training provided. Post-Training Support Detail any post-training support and resources that are available once training is completed. Pricing Provide detailed pricing of all cost associated for the desired training. Please Include any additional cost that may be incurred. To include * Assessment testing * Training materials * Training computer setup * Group classes onsite * Individual training * Online, web-based trainingVendor Submittals Response to the RFP must include the following information * Name, address and telephone number of your company * List of individuals and/or vendors comprising the team for this project and what specific role each role will take in completing the work. * Provide a detailed summary of your experience in similar training engagements. Include names, address, and phone numbers of clients. Vendors may include the following supplemental material You may provide any material not specifically required as supplemental information.Additional material may include the following. * Additional information, and/or descriptions of similar training engagements you have completed. * Additional promotional material describing your firm and its services. * Additional customer references. Selection Criteria Contract award will be based on pricing, and performance. The following criteria shall be used to evaluate the proposals. * The proven ability of the training methods to meet IT’s objectives and experience in similar training engagements. * Understanding of the roject and responsiveness to the RFP * Staff assigned * Cost Prestige Worldwide anticipates working with the most qualified vendor during Selection in order to assure the training proposed fully meets the Company’s needs. As a result, final cost of the contract may vary from the submitted cost. Submission Information Responses to the RFP must be submitted on or before October 20, 2010 at 4:00pm PST.Responses can be delivered by mail, delivery, or personally to: Prestige Worldwide Contracting Office 4545 Viewridge Ave San Diego, Ca 92123 Attention: Dale Doback or Brennan Huff RE: Microsoft Computer Desktop Software Training Schedule of Activities Please note that dates are subject to change based on Prestige Worldwide- Information Technology needs. Items Dates RFP Issue DateOctober 01, 2010 Proposal Inquiry DeadlineOctober 05, 2010 Response in Writing, to QuestionsOctober 10, 2010 RFP Submission DeadlineOctober 20, 2010 DiscussionsOctober 21, 2010 Anticipated Award of ContractNovember 01, 2010

20 Informative Essay Topics Topics on Strategic Marketing Management

20 Informative Essay Topics Topics on Strategic Marketing Management If you are tasked with writing an essay of your own, it can be difficult to figure out where to start. That is why you will find a set of twenty great informative essay topics below quite useful: Why Students in MBA Programs Do Not Learn Proper Execution of Plans How the Thought Process that Implementation is Less Intellectually Demanding and Fit for â€Å"Grunts† Results in Improper Handling of Even the Best Strategic Plans How Management Learns to Make Plans, But to Never Involve Themselves in Execution Why Ownership over Change Processes Is Vital for Proper Execution How Change is Impossible without Defined Actions and Strategy Execution from Management How Execution is the Responsibility of All Managers Why Execution is the Key to Successful Change How Fast Change Implementation Results in Poor Execution How Company Culture Can be Taken into Account When Executing Change Management Why Many Mergers and Acquisitions Fail Why Leadership is Not as Important as Learning to Execute How Company Policy Impacts Success or Failure of New Strategies and Changes within a Company How Company Culture Impacts Success or Failure of New Strategies and Changes within a Company How Organizational Structure Impacts Success or Failure of New Strategies and Changes within a Company How Company Controls Impacts Success or Failure of New Strategies and Changes within a Company How Incentives Impacts Success or Failure of New Strategies and Changes within a Company How Operating Procedures Impacts Success or Failure of New Strategies and Changes within a Company Why Actionable Steps are Necessary for Change and Strategy Implementation How to Implement Strategic Marketing Management for the IT Industry Maintaining Strategic Marketing Management for Manufacturing Besides selecting a topic, it is equally important to find supporting evidence which you can look for in out 10 facts on strategic marketing management. In addition, you should consult an article on informative essay writing. These topics are not only a great place for you to start learning more and picking a topic of your own, but below you will find a sample essay from the list above that can help you gain a better understanding of the writing process. Remember that this is only meant as a guide to help you while you work on your specific requirements. Informative Sample Essay on Maintaining Strategic Marketing Management for Manufacturing In order to maintain excellence in a manufacturing plant, companies need to be able to measure the performance of their maintenance program to capitalize upon these measurements in order to highlight which areas require improvement. This needs to be a continuous process of identifying those areas and subsequently implementing ideal solutions for the improvement in question. In a maintenance environment, all aspects of the maintenance department need to be benchmarked against what is considered to be â€Å"best practice†. In order to determine benchmarks and best practice, it is important to review key performance indicators. This allows for a standardization of maintenance management results to can be compared and benchmarked across the board. Maintenance systems can be structured in such a way that they not only meet with best practice but they measure maintenance accurately and ensure performance is efficient and effective. Modern benchmarking is a way to determine how best to maximize productivity within a company and simultaneously minimize costs. This functions as a continual search for best practice, and the regular adaptation of new practices that result in superior performance. This can only be achieved through the investigation of current practices of organizations in an effort to gain a competitive advantage. This new knowledge is something that can be applied to the company in order to achieve higher performance and to meet any gaps existing in current business performance. Not only will standardization of best practice and the implementation of computerized maintenance management systems help the plants to stay competitive, it will also enable the companies to optimize their resources. To meet these demands companies can implement a coherent maintenance management policy for best practice that results in improved performance and reduced operational costs. The most important factor in this best practice relates to the standardized implementation of new technology. The overall improvement to maintenance management can be achieved through the implementation of a standardized Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) as part of the fundamental information resource used by the companies and the technology management staff. This system offers a variety of support-related information and can assist management in their decision making. The development of CMMS is essential for maintenance managers as it offers fast management solutions in tandem with the ability to predict future outcomes based on the historical performance data for the company in question. Maintenance optimization is greatly facilitated when companies implement a management strategy of best practic e in conjunction with the implementation of CMMS. Today this software is widely integrated in manufacturing plants around the world and when properly examined, can provide a means of improved maintenance inspections and services and improved administration. It is the objectives of CMMS to reduce downtime for the company by scheduling preventative maintenance, to improve maintenance costs for the company, and to store historical records of past performance of the companies used to plan and budget other maintenance in the future and to simultaneously generate maintenance reports. Some of the biggest problems that maintenance managers in this study faced can be rectified with the implementation of CMMS. The first problem encountered includes little or no support from management for the implementation of maintenance practices, but CMMS reports are able to highlight the reduced cost and levels of downtime that would be imperative to receiving the required support. The second biggest problem is inventory problems and the need to reduce the amount of spare parts the company has while also maintaining spare parts on hand. The implementation of CMMS would control spares by eliminated non-value adding activities within maintenance. When the maint enance department no longer conducts unnecessary maintenance, it is simpler to order spare parts and to schedule maintenance as necessary. References Anderson, Carol H, and Julian W Vincze.  Strategic Marketing Management. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Print. Ansoff, H. Igor.  Strategic Management. New York: Wiley, 1979. Print. Birkinshaw, Julian M.  Strategic Management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub., 2004. Print. Chernev, Alexander.  Strategic Marketing Management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press, 2012. Print. Dess, Gregory G, and Alex Miller.  Strategic Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993. Print. Hitt, Michael A, R. Duane Ireland, and Robert E Hoskisson.  Strategic Management. Cincinnati: South-Western College Pub., 1999. Print. Hrebiniak, Lawrence G.  Making Strategy Work. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Wharton School. Pub., 2005. Print.

The Anatomy Of Corn

The Anatomy Of Corn If you are reading this, corn has touched your life in some way. We eat corn, animals eat corn, cars eat corn (well, it can be used as a biofuel), and we even can eat corn out of a container made from corn (think: bioplastics). It is projected that the U.S. corn yield will reach over 14 billion bushels. However, what do you know about the corn plant itself? Did you, for example, know that corn is a grass and not a vegetable? The Seed: The Beginnings Of The Corn Plant Look at a corn cob - you will see the seeds! The kernels that you eat can also be used as the seed source to start new plants. Dont worry; the corn kernels that you eat wont grow in your stomach. Specific corn plants are set aside to provide seed. Corn Growth Stages The corn plants growth stages are broken down into vegetative and reproductive stages. The vegetative growth stages are VE (emergence of the plant), V1 (first fully expanded leaf), V2 (second fully expanded leaf), etc. up to however many leaves appear. The last stage is called VT, referring to when the tassel fully emerges.The reproductive stages are noted as R1 through R6. R1 refers to when the corn silks are first visible outside the husks and pollination occurs. (This process will be explained more fully later in the article.) During the other stages, the kernels are developing. At the final (R6) stage, the kernels have reached their maximum dry weight. Seedlings are dependent on kernel reserves up until about the V3 leaf stage when they become dependent on the roots to take up nutrients. Corn Roots Corn plants are unusual in that they have two distinct sets of roots: regular roots, called seminal roots; and nodal roots, which are above the seminal roots and develop from the plant nodes. The seminal root system includes the plants radicle (the first root emerging from the seed). These roots are responsible for taking up water and nutrients, and for anchoring the plant.The second root system, the nodal roots, is formed about an inch or so below the soil surface, but above the seminal roots. The nodal roots are formed at the base of the coleoptile, which is the primary stem that emerges from the ground. The nodal roots are visible by the V2 stage of development. The seminal roots are important to the survival of the seedling, and damage can delay emergence and stunt development. This is because the corn plant depends on the nutrients present in the seed until the nodal roots are developed. As soon as the coleoptile emerges from the soil, the seminal roots cease to grow. Nodal roots that form above the ground are called brace roots, but they function similarly to the nodal roots below the ground. Sometimes brace roots actually penetrate the soil and take up water and nutrients. These roots may be needed for water uptake in some cases, as the crown of a young corn plant is only about 3/4 below the soil surface! Therefore, corn can be vulnerable to dry soil conditions as they dont have a deep root system. Corn Stalk And Leaves Corn grows on a single stem called a stalk. Stalks can grow up to ten feet tall. The plants leaves emerge from the stalk. A single corn stalk can hold between 16 and 22 leaves. The leaves wrap around the stalk, rather than having a stem. The part of the leaf that wraps around the stem is called the node. Corn Reproductive Structures: The Tassel, Flowers, and Ears The tassel and the corn ears are responsible for reproduction and formation of the corn kernels. The tassel is the male part of the plant, which emerges from the top of the plant after all of the leaves have developed. Many male flowers are on the tassel. The male flowers release pollen grains which contain the male reproductive cells. The female flowers develop into the corns ears, which contain the kernels. The ears contain the female eggs, which sit on the corn cob. Silks - long strands of silky material - grow from each egg and emerge from the top of the ear. Pollination occurs when pollen is carried from the tassels to the exposed silks on the ear of corn, which is the female flower on the plant. The male reproductive cell goes down to the female egg contained within the ear and fertilizes it. Each strand of fertilized silk develops into a kernel. The kernels are arranged on the cob in 16 rows. Each ear of corn averages about 800 kernels. And, as you learned in the first section of this article, each kernel can potentially become a new plant!

Moral Stages of Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Moral Stages of Development - Essay Example Interspersed throughout these critical learning levels are seven different stages of understanding in which the child slowly progresses from one level to the next. Kohlberg defines the first level of moral development as that time when a child is very impressionable to rules and standards of behavior, but only to the extent that he or she will act a certain way to avoid physical punishment or gain physical rewards (treats, etc.). Level Two moral development involves both conformity and loyalty to social norms, according to Kohlberg, and this is the level that parents and educators strive to instill in their children. In this stage, laws and societal rules are accepted and understand as being put in place for the good of the nation or group. In contrast, Level Three, also called the Autonomous Level, sees an individual making judgment choices based not only on societal expectations and laws but on his or her own personal ethical code, which has developed throughout the years (Kohlberg 1971). According to Miller, Van Esterik and Van Esterik, the concept of childhood itself has only been in use for a few hundred years (2001); this relative newness gives researchers few concrete ideologies when it comes to understanding the moral development of a young person in school. Kottak agrees that the role of the classroom and the effects of a changing world are constantly creating new issues with students; he feels that in particular, television has a great role to play in the gender development of students everywhere. Kottak notes that in a few short decades as television became omnipresent, students began treating their teachers and their peers with what he regards as less respect and simply less attention. Instead of learning their place in society from their teachers and their parents, they are also learning it from movies and TV programs; in fact these very programs have a direct effect on the gender bias in classrooms (Kottak 2000). Where parents and even teachers might tend to avoid actually discussing the issue of gender bias in the classroom and the wider world, television opens up the topic for discussion and children are learning early on about their history as a sex and making decisions about their future in this respect. Conclusion Kohlberg's levels of moral development can be directly implemented by teachers in early learning situations most effectively; the more time left before instilling basic social expectations, the more difficult it is to instill them at all. As children in level one are the most susceptible to learning fresh concepts, it is best that teachers of younger children do their best to address issues of gender bias in such a way as to bring the children forward into a new reality, instead of merely teaching them about what already exists. Perhaps this is the most crucial aspect of level one learning: instead of showing children the things that need changing and hoping they will decide to take a stand in the future, teach them about their role in a more perfected society, where the genders are truly

Gluten free diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gluten free diet - Essay Example The gluten containing substances should be known for sure because common food items that we consume in our everyday life which include pizza, pasta, sauces, cakes, cookies, soups and candies might also contain gluten. Certain sauces as well as wafers and chips are also known to contain gluten. Hence it is essential that before these items are consumed it should be checked if they are gluten free or not. This care should also be taken in the case of certain medications because vitamin supplements and medicines are also known to contain this substance gluten. To assist people in finding the appropriate food items for themselves the American Dietetic Association provided the names of items which were free from gluten. These include rice, potatoes, corn and nuts. It is also known that fruits and green vegetables are free from gluten. To further assist in this process the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) in the United States was created in the year 2006. This ac t required the food processing companies to clearly mention the name of allergens on the bottles so that the consumer might be sure about the presence of gluten. The disease states in which a strict gluten free diet is recommended are known as celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. It is also known that for children who suffer from autism it is helpful to recommend a gluten free diet for them. Celiac disease results due to the disturbances that occur in the intestine when gluten comes in contact with the lining. It leads to the initiation of an inflammatory process which damages the lining of the intestine and hence results in poor absorption form the small intestine. The patient complains of symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract which include pain in the abdomen, vomiting, constipation and weight loss. In long standing cases the patient develops anemia which results due to the deficiency of anemia. Dermatitis herpetiformis are skin lesions that occur with or

Perfomance Improvement Managment Development & Creativity Assignment

Perfomance Improvement Managment Development & Creativity - Assignment Example The objective of such exercise was to 'provide an opportunity for non-managerial employees to learn about themselves and about the organization's expectations for managers'. The programs initiated by the organization focused on the personal capabilities of the participant, and the methodology was adopted so as to explore the suitable and diversified background and mentalities of the professionals. The question relevant to the personal information, experience, objective, development of the organization, and several case studies were offered to brainstorm the participants. The focus of the exercise was to ensure the enhancement of the managerial and professional expertise of the participants, for that purpose, the exercises 'enabled the participants to assess their values, managerial styles and attitudes, and career interests' (Hayes, 1988). The management oriented sessions and seminars have undoubtedly led the potential participants to realize their potential and capabilities to the f ullest, and for that purpose the attribute of decision making was focused, and the evaluation and discussion process was narrowed to that spectrum. The organizatRole & Responsibilities The organization usually assigns the managerial responsibilities to the employees of various divisions, keeping in view the difference of area of specialization of the employees. The organization offers employment positions i.e. 'accountants, position classification and labor relations specialists, fiscal analysts, training and development specialists, criminal investigators, taxpayer assistors' (Welch, 2001), in all such respective departments the managerial skills are required to ensure the performance improvement and management development. The Internal Revenue Service has performed required exercises and reviews which has led to the identification of 'twenty one generic skills that managers need, these twenty one skills are divided into four categories: interpersonal skills, analysis and decision making skills, managing systems and organizations, and understanding operations'. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Adjective Check List incorporate the self-assessment relevant to the interpersonal skills category which encompasses, 'self-awareness, understanding individuals and groups, and communications' (Welch, 2001). The scheme has converged the interpersonal skills and managerial skills, and the influence of the respective aspects has been monitored. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and The Adjective Check List has been a source of insight for the participants which have helped these participants to resolve their respective concerns having relevance to the career development process. The techniques have relevance towards the leadership and career development processes. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was designed as per conclusion of the Carl Jung's Psychological Type. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator has enabled the participants to concentrate and focus upon managerial skills and leadership qualities, and 'the assessment of their preferences with regard to judging and perceiving' (Jaques, 1989). Techniques & Indicators The findings and the results derived from the Myers-Briggs Ty

Law for Standard Form Contracts in Businesses

Law for Standard Form Contracts in Businesses 1a. Explain the different types of business agreement and the importance of the key elements required for the formation of a valid contract A contract is defined as an agreement which legally binds the parties (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However there are many types of contract between two businesses such as unilateral, bilateral, specialty, simple and standard form contract (Doti Chee, 2009). Firstly unilateral contract is a legal agreement in which only one of the two parties makes legally enforceable promises. In this contract between two companies at a certain time only one party will do their duties only when a particular situation come out the other party will do their duty (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Furthermore the rule of unilateral contract is that it holds that offers can be revoked at any time prior to completion of the requested performance. The promise is enforceable only upon completion of the requested performance (Doti Chee, 2009). One of the most famous case studies in unilateral contract is Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. 1892 (Referred to Appendix A) (Lawnix, accessed 2009). In this case there is a unilateral contract which was stated by Smoke Ball Co. The contract is if any person who used Ds smoke ball three times per day as directed and contracted influenza, colds, or any other disease they will receive 100 pounds by Smoke Ball Co. However for Carlill, she purchased a ball and used it as directed and Carlill contracted influenza, it shows that she accepted the offer by performing the conditions. So the contract between both parties was valid. Furthermore it is a unilateral contract so that the rule of unilateral is applied in which when Carllil contracted influenza which means she performed the conditions of the contract and met all requirements o the contract. So after that it Smoke Ball Co.s turn to perform their actions which is give Carllil 100 pounds. As for the rule the promise is enforceable onl y upon completion of requested performance. The performance of Carllil is the requested performance so at that time the company is bounded by the contract and they had to pay Carllil the money. The case if Carllil vs Smoke ball Co. can alsobe considered as executed consideration. It is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The second type is bilateral contract, it is the contract in which both parties take responsible at the same time and both of them take promises (BPP Professional Education, 2004). It arises where let say company A promises to sell a computer to company B in return B promises to pay the purchasing price. It means that both parties will take their actions at the same time and as the rule of bilateral contract both of them are bounded by it. It means that company A will have to deliver the right product which is computer to company B at the given time and in return company B has to pay the purchase price for company A. This contract is usually seen in trading and commercial transaction. It would be breach of contract if either withdrew without the consent of the other. It also considered as executory consideration which is a promise given for a promise not a performed act (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand, specialty contract is express contract made under seal. They are not merely written but delivered over by the party bound. The specialty contract is usually in buying bonds, deeds, etc. The solemnity and deliberation with which a deed or a bond is presumed to be entered to, attack to it an important and character which do not belong to a simple contract. In the case of specialty, its rule is no consideration is necessary to give it validity, even in the court of equity (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The forth type of business contract is simple contract. Simple contract is any binding contract other than a contract under seal. It can be both express and implied or partly written or partly oral. It consists of a promise to do or refrain from doing something, in exchange for doing something given or promise in return. The parties must intent the agreement to be binding on each other. Furthermore the rule of simple contract requires that there be some good cause, consideration or motive, before they can be enforced in the courts (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The last type is standard form contract. It is a pre-prepared contract where all the terms have already set. In standard form contract each of the party will have different duties such as a recipient, they have little or no prior negotiation. On the other hand the provider of the contract has their own standard terms and conditions. The standard form contract can usually be found in a contract between employees and the company (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand in contrast to specialty contract, the rule of simple contract stated that as a general rule, the common law treats standard form contracts any other contract. It must contain the essential elements of a contract (Doti Chee, 2009). However in every contract there are seven keys elements which a contract must contain in order to be valid and enforceable by the law which are agreement, consideration, intention to create legal relations, legal capacity to contract, form of a contract, consent and legality of object (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Firstly the agreement which is determined by the rules of offer and acceptance. It must contain the offer which is a defined promise to be bound on specific term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer (BPP Professional Education, 2004). As shown in the figure below is the formation of a simple contract. However in offer there are three elements which are certainty of offer, invitation to treat and termination of offer. The certainty of offer is a definite offer maybe to a class of persons or to the world at large. While on the other hand, the key way that an offer is terminated is by being accepted or creating agreement. So that an offer is terminated and it may no longer be accepted in some case such as rejection, lapse of time, revocation by the offeror, failure of a condition to which the offer was subject and death of one of the parties (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Lastly the invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the view to forming a binding contract. It is not an offer in itself. There are our types of invitation to treat which are auction sales, advertisements, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for renders (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The second element in agreement is acceptance, it can be by express words or by action and it may also be inferred from conduct too. There are three important elements of acceptance which are term of acceptance, counter offer and communication of acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Firstly the counter offer is the acceptance which purports to introduce a new term. If a counter offer is made, the original offeror may accept it but if he rejects it his original offer is no longer available for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand the acceptance must be communicated. The general rule is that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and is not effective until this has been done. Furthermore The acceptance must be communicated by the offeree or someone authorized by the offeree. If someone accepts on behalf of the offeree, without authorization, this will not be a valid acceptance (Doti Chee, 2009). The offeror may waive the need for communicat ion of acceptance by marking an offer to the entire world. Moreover he may indicate that he expects acceptance through the post. There are also three exceptions to the communication rule which are terms of offer, conduct of the offeror and postal rule (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Furthermore as the term of the order, it can state or imply that acceptance need not to be communicated to the offeror. One of the case examples for agreement is the case between Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co vs Montefiore 1866 (referred to Appendix A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case the defendant applied to the company for shares and paid a deposit to the companys bank, it means that the defendant give an offer to the company. However after that the company sent him an acceptance by issue of a letter of allotment it means that it is the acceptance for his offer. However the acceptance was sent only when the offer was lapsed so that it is not accepted. The second element is the consideration. The agreement or the obligations assumed by each party must be supported consideration from the other party. The principle is that the parties to a contract must each provide something, whether money, the provision of a service or some other form of contribution to the contract. However it has also been described as the price of the other persons promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for the consideration to be valid, it must contain three elements the executed, executory and cannot be past consideration. Firstly the executed consideration is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example A offers a reward for the return of lost property, his promise becomes binding when B performs the act of returning As property to him. While in contrast, the executory consideration is a promise given for a promise, not a performed act (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example if a cust omer orders goods which a shopkeeper undertakes to obtain from the manufacturer, the shopkeeper promises to supply the goods and the customer promises to accept and pay for them. Thirdly the consideration cannot be past. Anything which has already been done before a promise in return is given is past consideration which, as a general rule, is not sufficient to make the promise binding and the rule is that past consideration is no consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2004). One of the cases about past consideration is Re McArdle (referred to Appendix A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case one of the mothers son and his wife lived together in the house, the wife made improvement to the house and the children agree to repay the sum of  £488 in consideration o your carrying out certain alterations and improvements to the property. At the mothers death they refused to do so. In this situation the time of the promise between the children and the wife the improvements were considered as past consideration. According to the rule of past consideration, past consideration is no consideration so they were not bounded by it. The law says that consideration need not to be adequate but it must be sufficient. This means that the consideration need not be of equal value to the parties to the contract but it must be of some value to the parties involved. This does not have to be financial or monetary value, although obviously in many contracts it often is (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The term sufficiency of consideration means that the consideration must be something more than the party involved was already intended to do. It must be deemed actually to be consideration. While adequacy is the ability to reasonably or legally satisfy the requirement (Business Dictionary, accessed 2009). The case Chappell Co vs Nestle Co Ltd (referred to Appendix A) is a famous case study for adequacy (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The case arose when Nestle made a special offer, whereby if people collected three wrappers from Nestle bars of chocolate and sent them with small money they could get a copy of a record Rockin Shoes The copyright to the records was owned by Chapple, who claimed that there had been breaches of their copyright. The case turned round whether the three wrappers were part of the consideration. However in this case the defendants had required that wrappers were sent in as part of the special offer, for obvious commercial reasons. It was help that the wrappers were part of the consideration as they had commercial value in the eyes of Nestle, one of the parties to the contract. There is also a case of Collins vs Godefroy (1831) (referred to Apeendix A) for the sufficient of consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case there was no consider ation for the promise, as the claimant was obliged to appear by law. Because of the performance o an existing obligation imposed by statue is no consideration for a promise of reward. The last part of consideration is the privity of contract. If you do not provide consideration, you cannot sue on the contract. This is a critical rule in contract law and reflects the fact that consideration is essential. This maxim means that only the person who has paid the price of the contract can sue on it. Privity of contract is defined as the relation between the two parties to a contract and third parties who are no privy to the contract generally have no right of action (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There is a case of Tweddle vs Atkinson 1862 (referred to Appendix A) for the privity of contract. The next element is intention to create legal relation. An agreement is not a binding contract unless the parties intend to create legal relations and have the capacity or ability to do so. It can also be defined as the willingness to be bound by the terms of the contract. Furthermore anyone entering the contract has to have the capacity to do so; otherwise it can be argued that they are not acting in full understanding of what they are doing. Where there is no express statement as to whether or not legal relations are intended the courts apply one of two presumptions: social, domestic and family arrangements are not usually intended by the parties involved to be binding, commercial agreements are usually intended to be legally binding (BPP Professional Education, 2004). One of the case examples for intention to create legal relation is the case Balfour vs Balfour 1919 (referred to Appendix A). The case is that a husband promised to pay his wife  £30 a month to return to Ceylon wit h him but later the marriage ended in divorce and the wife sued the husband for the monthly allowance which he no longer paid. In this case, because of the informal agreement of indefinite duration made between husband and wife was not intended to be legally binding so that the wife cannot sue the husband for the money. There is also very important element for the contract which is the legal capacity to contract. Capacity refers to the fact that the law regards some groups as being unable to enter into binding contractual arrangements, because they might not be in a position to fully understand the agreement they have entered into. The groups include minor, mental disorders and drunkenness (BPP Professional Education, 2004). From January 1, 1970, the Family Law Reform Act 1969 reduced the age of majority to 18 and authorized the term minor as an alternative to infant. Minor is now the preferred term. The capacity of a minor to contract is still regulated by the common law, modified by the Minors Contracts Act 1987 which repealed a troublesome statute, the Infants Relief Act 1874 (Doti Chee, 2009). There is a case of Nash vs Inman 1908 (referred to Appendix A). In this case a Saville Row tailor sued an infant Cambridge student for the price of clothes (including 11 fancy waistcoats) he had supplied. The tailor failed in his action because the student was already adequately supplied with clothes because the clothes were not necessaries so that the minor was not binding by the contract. The next key element of the contract is the form of contract. The contract can be made in writing or oral or implied by conduct. The general rule is that a contract may be in any form (written or oral) but a minority of contracts have to be made in a particular form. Firstly implied terms are those terms which, although not expressly stated by the parties by words or conduct, are by law deemed to be part of the contract. Moreover the terms can be implied into contracts by custom, by courts or by statute (Doti Chee, 2009). On the other hand, writing make it easier to prove the contents o the contract but it is not usually necessary unless related to one of the following: contracts by deed, in writing, evidenced in writing or contracts made through the internet and by e-mail. Those are the formalities of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Contracts which must be by deed include leases for three years or more, a conveyance or transfer o a legal estate in land and a promise not supported by consideration. On the other hand the contracts which must be in writing include a transfer of shares in a limited company, the sale or disposition of an interest in land, bills of exchange and cheques, consumer credit contracts. Furthermore some contracts may be made orally but are not enforceable in a court unless there is written evidence of their terms. The most important contract of this type is the contract of guarantee. A signed note of the material terms of the contract is sufficient (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There is a case of Clyde Mason vs. Charley Tatum (referred to Appendix A) in the form of contract. In this case Clyde Mason as a minor went into a contract of buying land with Charley Tatum and the contract is made in writing after some days before the delivery the price of the land was doubled and the adult refused to do his performance o the contract. The minor sued for that. This case study is an example of the form of contracts which must be by deed. So in decision because the contract is binding for the adult so Tatum had to do his duties as in the contract with the minor. The consent is also one of the key elements of the contract. The validity of a contract may be affected if a person has been misled into a contract or if the parties have come to agreement but are actually at cross-purposes, for example one of them is mistaken as to the precise nature of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In consent there are four violating factors which are mistakes, misrepresentations, duress and undue influence. An intentional act done out of mistake may occasionally be defensible if it was reasonable. On the other hand a misrepresentation is a false statement of fact made by one party to another, which, whilst not being a term of the contract, induces the other party to enter the contract. The effect of an actionable misrepresentation is to make the contract voidable; giving the innocent party the right to rescind the contract and/or claim damages (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). Duress is a possible legal defense, one of four of the most important jus tification defenses, by which defendants argue that they should not be held liable because the actions that broke the law were only performed out of an immediate fear of injury. In order for duress to qualify as a defense, four requirements must be met: threat must be of serious bodily harm or death, harm threatened must be greater than the harm caused by the crime, threat must be immediate and inescapable and the defendant must have become involved in the situation through no fault of his or her own (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). While undue influence is a judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon weak and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. In order to establish the undue influence four elements must be shown. A judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon weak and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. Second, there must be an opportunity for exercising undue influence. Th ird, there must be evidence that the defendant was inclined to exercise undue influence over the victim. Fourth, the record must reveal an unnatural or suspicious transaction (Legal explanations, accessed 2009). As example of the consent the case of ICI v Shatwell 1965 (referred to Appendix A) is the most common one. Because of the electric cable was too short so that two experienced shot firers decided to go against the law they carried out the test without taking cover before doing so and there was a premature explosion and both were injured. They sued the employer. In this case they had consented to the risk. The employer was not liable since it had not been negligent nor had it committed or permitted a breach of statutory duty over safety procedures. The injured men were trained for their work and properly left to carry out safety procedures of which they were well aware. So they cannot sue the employer for that. The last key element of contract is the legality of object. Legality is an agreement to be an enforceable contract must contemplate the attainment of an object not expressly forbidden by law nor contrary to public policy. For example: An agreement for the sale of realty to be used expressly for the sale of alcoholic beverages is unenforceable as its object is contrary to law. So also an agreement by which A, a confirmed woman hater, promises B a house for Bs promise never to marry, is against public policy, as discouraging marriage, and therefore unenforceable (Chest of book, accessed 2009). The courts will not enforce a contract which is deemed to be illegal or contrary to public policy. 1b. Analyze the scenario from the perspective of the law of contract. Apply the rules of offer and acceptance in a given scenario, also considering any impact of new technology Firstly as for review of the online transaction, we will go to look at the formation of contract. Contract is agreement between two or more parties which is enforceable at law (Doti Chee, 2009). However in order to be valid and enforceable by the law, the requirements for formation of contract are agreement and consideration. There is sometimes said to be a third element, namely, intention to create legal relations. But this third element is rarely a problem and it is true to say that, if it is a separate element, it goes without saying in the vast majority of cases (ANU College of law, accessed 2009). A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand agreement is the meeting of minds between two more legally competent parties, about their relative dut ies rights regarding current or future performance (Business Dictionary, accessed 2009). Furthermore to determine whether or not an agreement has been reached, the courts will consider whether or not party has made a firm offer which the other party has accepted. Offer and acceptance are the key elements of agreement. The agreements must contain the offer which is a defined promise to be bound on specific term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for this case of online transaction, the principles governing the formation of written and oral contract can also be apply to contracts concluded through the internet. The contracts which are made through the internet also need an offer and acceptance to be valid. Moreover according to the electronic transaction act 1999 and confirmed by s.11 of the Electronic Transaction Act. Cap 88, the website containing the details and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat (ComLaw, accessed 2009). Invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the view to forming a binding contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There are four types of invitation to treat which are auction sales, advertisements, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for tenders. As mentioned above the website containing the details and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat so that it must follow the rule of invitation to treat. Its rule is that invitation to treat is not offer. It is an invitation to do business with another party and it is not an offer but an invitation to others to make offers. One of the common case examples for invitation to treat is the case of Patridge vs Crittenden 1968 (referred to Appendix B). Mr Patridge placed an advertisement in Cage and Aviary Birds magazine containing the words Bramblefinch cocks, bramblefinch hens, 25s each. The RSOCA brought a prosecution for offering for a sale of protected species in contravention of the protection of Birds Act 1953. The justices convicted Patridge and he was sued. The advertisement of Mr Patridge was considered as an invitation to treat so according to the rule of invitation to treat it is not an offer. The prosecution could not rely on the offence of the offering for sale, as the advertisement constituted an invitation to treat. He was therefore not making an offer. In this case there are two contracts were formed between Tuans company and Sally, a university student with Tech Ltd. Tech Ltd is Singapore listed company selling computers and other IT products in Ha Noi and they had recently established its own website to offer for sale various products over the internet. Firstly for the existing contract between Tuans company and Tech Ltd it is a valid contract. The rules of offer are that it must be communicated, may be made to world, may be revoked at any time and distinguished from binding options and from invitation to treat. On the other hand the rules of acceptance are it must relate to offer, mental acceptance is insufficient but may be inferred, must be unqualified, method must conform with other, if offer silent as to method that chosen to be appropriate, if it is mailed effective from time of posting and communicate may be dispensed with (Doti Chee, 2009). According to the rules of offer and acceptance in the contract between Tuans company and Tech Ltd there was an offer and acceptance. The online transaction as mentioned above is considered as invitation to treat. However the system in Tech Ltd works in the following manner: every time an order was placed by a buyer after filling up the requisite form, which included the furnishing of a va lid credit card account, it would be followed by an automated reply from Tech Ltd that the transaction was successful. It means that by filling the form with valid information Tuan had already made an offer to Tech Ltd and then automatically they will send a reply to confirm that the transaction was successful and it is considered as an acceptance from Tech Ltd to Tuans offer. There is also legal intention between two parties so that the contract between Tuan and Tech Ltd is a valid contract. In this case if Tech Ltd did not deliver the 4,000 sets of computers it means that they breach the contract. Because the contract is a valid contract so that both parties are binding by the contract, they must do their duties as in the contract stated. If Tech Ltd breached the contract Mr. Tuan can sue them for that if they did not have any reasonable reasons. However in this case Tech Ltd can proof that Tuan violated the contract by capitalizing on Techs mistake. Because of an error committed by an employee of Tech Ltd, the price of the printer was altered to $388 on the website, which normally retailed at $3,800. Tech Ltd can proof that Tuan based on that mistake to make contract with Tech Ltd. Because Tuan is the owner of a shop that sold IT peripherals, including a few sets of the said laser printer. So that he came to know about the real price of the printer and the extraordinarily low price offered by Tech Ltd. Furthermore according to the rule of unilateral mistake which is wh ere one party is mistaken as to the terms of the contract and the other knows this, the contract will be void regardless of whether the terms is fundamental (Doti Chee, 2009), the contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company is a void contract because Tuan knew about the mistake of Tech Ltd. There is a similar case of unilateral mistake which is the case of Hartlog v Colin and Shields 1939 (referred to Appendix B). In this case by mistake the defendants offered at the same price per pound instead of per piece, which obviously worked out much cheaper. After that they realized their mistake, the sellers refused to deliver the skins and were sued by the buyers for breach of contract. However in this case because the buyers were aware of the sellers mistake so that there was no contract as same in the case of Tech Ltd and Tuans company. In conclusion because there is a unilateral mistake of Tech Ltd and Tuan knew about his so that in application o unilateral mistake rule the contract is void contract and Tuan cannot sue Tech Ltd for breach of contract. However in this case if Tuans company agreed to sell those ordered printer to the third party, they cannot maintain their rights against Tech even though they may be a bona fide purchaser. Because there is no contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company so the goods are not belonging to Tuans company and they cannot sell it. Tech Ltd had the rights to take back their goods and the third party did not have the rights against Tech Ltd. The second contract in this case is the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally, a university student, because the transaction was taking in the same manner with the case of Tuans company which is through the website o Tech Ltd. Sally placed one set of the laser printer through the same system which means she offered to buy a printer through Tech Ltds website and then they automatically sent a reply to confirm the transaction was successful. It means that they were accepting the offer from Sally to sell one set of printer with the given price on the website. The contract had both offer and acceptance so that there was a valid contract between Tech Ltd and Sally. However because of the mistake committed by an employee of Tech Ltd the price of the printer was altered to $388 which is extraordinarily low price. Sally saw Tech Ltds website and thought that the price of $388 was very reasonable and she is a university student so she cannot know the real price of the printer and she did not know that there was a mistake from the employee. According to the rule of common mistake which is if one party makes a mistake and the other party is unaware of the mistake, the contract is binding, so that the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally is a valid contract. In this case Sally as a student so she cannot know the real price and the mistake of Tech Ltd. Furthermore because of that reason Tech Ltd cannot proof that Sally actually knew the contract is under a mistake. Moreover there also a similar case of common mistake which is Centrovincial Estates plc vs Merchant Investors Assurance Co Ltd (1983) (referred to Appendix B). In this case a landlord offered, by mistake, to renew his tenants lease at a rent of  £65,000 a year; he had meant to offer it at  £126,000. The tenant, unaware of the mistake, accepted the offer. It means that the tenant did not know about the mistake so that the contract was binding to both parties. In conclusion the contract was binding with Tech Ltd and if they did not deliver the printer to Sally, she can sue them for that. Lastly for Tech Ltd to prevent similar situation in the future they should build a structure or system based on the counter offer. As has been said acceptance must be unqualified agreement to the terms of offer. Acceptance which purports to introduce any new terms is a counter offer. If counter offer is made, the original offeror may accept it but he rejects it his original offer is no longer available for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example it is the case of Butler Machin Tool Co vs Ex-cell-O Corp 1979 (referred to Appendix B). In this case the claimant offered to sell tools to the defendant. However the defendant accepted the offer enclosing their own standard terms which differed from those of the claimant. The claimant ackno Law for Standard Form Contracts in Businesses Law for Standard Form Contracts in Businesses 1a. Explain the different types of business agreement and the importance of the key elements required for the formation of a valid contract A contract is defined as an agreement which legally binds the parties (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However there are many types of contract between two businesses such as unilateral, bilateral, specialty, simple and standard form contract (Doti Chee, 2009). Firstly unilateral contract is a legal agreement in which only one of the two parties makes legally enforceable promises. In this contract between two companies at a certain time only one party will do their duties only when a particular situation come out the other party will do their duty (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Furthermore the rule of unilateral contract is that it holds that offers can be revoked at any time prior to completion of the requested performance. The promise is enforceable only upon completion of the requested performance (Doti Chee, 2009). One of the most famous case studies in unilateral contract is Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. 1892 (Referred to Appendix A) (Lawnix, accessed 2009). In this case there is a unilateral contract which was stated by Smoke Ball Co. The contract is if any person who used Ds smoke ball three times per day as directed and contracted influenza, colds, or any other disease they will receive 100 pounds by Smoke Ball Co. However for Carlill, she purchased a ball and used it as directed and Carlill contracted influenza, it shows that she accepted the offer by performing the conditions. So the contract between both parties was valid. Furthermore it is a unilateral contract so that the rule of unilateral is applied in which when Carllil contracted influenza which means she performed the conditions of the contract and met all requirements o the contract. So after that it Smoke Ball Co.s turn to perform their actions which is give Carllil 100 pounds. As for the rule the promise is enforceable onl y upon completion of requested performance. The performance of Carllil is the requested performance so at that time the company is bounded by the contract and they had to pay Carllil the money. The case if Carllil vs Smoke ball Co. can alsobe considered as executed consideration. It is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The second type is bilateral contract, it is the contract in which both parties take responsible at the same time and both of them take promises (BPP Professional Education, 2004). It arises where let say company A promises to sell a computer to company B in return B promises to pay the purchasing price. It means that both parties will take their actions at the same time and as the rule of bilateral contract both of them are bounded by it. It means that company A will have to deliver the right product which is computer to company B at the given time and in return company B has to pay the purchase price for company A. This contract is usually seen in trading and commercial transaction. It would be breach of contract if either withdrew without the consent of the other. It also considered as executory consideration which is a promise given for a promise not a performed act (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand, specialty contract is express contract made under seal. They are not merely written but delivered over by the party bound. The specialty contract is usually in buying bonds, deeds, etc. The solemnity and deliberation with which a deed or a bond is presumed to be entered to, attack to it an important and character which do not belong to a simple contract. In the case of specialty, its rule is no consideration is necessary to give it validity, even in the court of equity (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The forth type of business contract is simple contract. Simple contract is any binding contract other than a contract under seal. It can be both express and implied or partly written or partly oral. It consists of a promise to do or refrain from doing something, in exchange for doing something given or promise in return. The parties must intent the agreement to be binding on each other. Furthermore the rule of simple contract requires that there be some good cause, consideration or motive, before they can be enforced in the courts (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The last type is standard form contract. It is a pre-prepared contract where all the terms have already set. In standard form contract each of the party will have different duties such as a recipient, they have little or no prior negotiation. On the other hand the provider of the contract has their own standard terms and conditions. The standard form contract can usually be found in a contract between employees and the company (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand in contrast to specialty contract, the rule of simple contract stated that as a general rule, the common law treats standard form contracts any other contract. It must contain the essential elements of a contract (Doti Chee, 2009). However in every contract there are seven keys elements which a contract must contain in order to be valid and enforceable by the law which are agreement, consideration, intention to create legal relations, legal capacity to contract, form of a contract, consent and legality of object (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Firstly the agreement which is determined by the rules of offer and acceptance. It must contain the offer which is a defined promise to be bound on specific term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer (BPP Professional Education, 2004). As shown in the figure below is the formation of a simple contract. However in offer there are three elements which are certainty of offer, invitation to treat and termination of offer. The certainty of offer is a definite offer maybe to a class of persons or to the world at large. While on the other hand, the key way that an offer is terminated is by being accepted or creating agreement. So that an offer is terminated and it may no longer be accepted in some case such as rejection, lapse of time, revocation by the offeror, failure of a condition to which the offer was subject and death of one of the parties (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Lastly the invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the view to forming a binding contract. It is not an offer in itself. There are our types of invitation to treat which are auction sales, advertisements, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for renders (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The second element in agreement is acceptance, it can be by express words or by action and it may also be inferred from conduct too. There are three important elements of acceptance which are term of acceptance, counter offer and communication of acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Firstly the counter offer is the acceptance which purports to introduce a new term. If a counter offer is made, the original offeror may accept it but if he rejects it his original offer is no longer available for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand the acceptance must be communicated. The general rule is that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and is not effective until this has been done. Furthermore The acceptance must be communicated by the offeree or someone authorized by the offeree. If someone accepts on behalf of the offeree, without authorization, this will not be a valid acceptance (Doti Chee, 2009). The offeror may waive the need for communicat ion of acceptance by marking an offer to the entire world. Moreover he may indicate that he expects acceptance through the post. There are also three exceptions to the communication rule which are terms of offer, conduct of the offeror and postal rule (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Furthermore as the term of the order, it can state or imply that acceptance need not to be communicated to the offeror. One of the case examples for agreement is the case between Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co vs Montefiore 1866 (referred to Appendix A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case the defendant applied to the company for shares and paid a deposit to the companys bank, it means that the defendant give an offer to the company. However after that the company sent him an acceptance by issue of a letter of allotment it means that it is the acceptance for his offer. However the acceptance was sent only when the offer was lapsed so that it is not accepted. The second element is the consideration. The agreement or the obligations assumed by each party must be supported consideration from the other party. The principle is that the parties to a contract must each provide something, whether money, the provision of a service or some other form of contribution to the contract. However it has also been described as the price of the other persons promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for the consideration to be valid, it must contain three elements the executed, executory and cannot be past consideration. Firstly the executed consideration is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example A offers a reward for the return of lost property, his promise becomes binding when B performs the act of returning As property to him. While in contrast, the executory consideration is a promise given for a promise, not a performed act (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example if a cust omer orders goods which a shopkeeper undertakes to obtain from the manufacturer, the shopkeeper promises to supply the goods and the customer promises to accept and pay for them. Thirdly the consideration cannot be past. Anything which has already been done before a promise in return is given is past consideration which, as a general rule, is not sufficient to make the promise binding and the rule is that past consideration is no consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2004). One of the cases about past consideration is Re McArdle (referred to Appendix A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case one of the mothers son and his wife lived together in the house, the wife made improvement to the house and the children agree to repay the sum of  £488 in consideration o your carrying out certain alterations and improvements to the property. At the mothers death they refused to do so. In this situation the time of the promise between the children and the wife the improvements were considered as past consideration. According to the rule of past consideration, past consideration is no consideration so they were not bounded by it. The law says that consideration need not to be adequate but it must be sufficient. This means that the consideration need not be of equal value to the parties to the contract but it must be of some value to the parties involved. This does not have to be financial or monetary value, although obviously in many contracts it often is (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The term sufficiency of consideration means that the consideration must be something more than the party involved was already intended to do. It must be deemed actually to be consideration. While adequacy is the ability to reasonably or legally satisfy the requirement (Business Dictionary, accessed 2009). The case Chappell Co vs Nestle Co Ltd (referred to Appendix A) is a famous case study for adequacy (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The case arose when Nestle made a special offer, whereby if people collected three wrappers from Nestle bars of chocolate and sent them with small money they could get a copy of a record Rockin Shoes The copyright to the records was owned by Chapple, who claimed that there had been breaches of their copyright. The case turned round whether the three wrappers were part of the consideration. However in this case the defendants had required that wrappers were sent in as part of the special offer, for obvious commercial reasons. It was help that the wrappers were part of the consideration as they had commercial value in the eyes of Nestle, one of the parties to the contract. There is also a case of Collins vs Godefroy (1831) (referred to Apeendix A) for the sufficient of consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case there was no consider ation for the promise, as the claimant was obliged to appear by law. Because of the performance o an existing obligation imposed by statue is no consideration for a promise of reward. The last part of consideration is the privity of contract. If you do not provide consideration, you cannot sue on the contract. This is a critical rule in contract law and reflects the fact that consideration is essential. This maxim means that only the person who has paid the price of the contract can sue on it. Privity of contract is defined as the relation between the two parties to a contract and third parties who are no privy to the contract generally have no right of action (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There is a case of Tweddle vs Atkinson 1862 (referred to Appendix A) for the privity of contract. The next element is intention to create legal relation. An agreement is not a binding contract unless the parties intend to create legal relations and have the capacity or ability to do so. It can also be defined as the willingness to be bound by the terms of the contract. Furthermore anyone entering the contract has to have the capacity to do so; otherwise it can be argued that they are not acting in full understanding of what they are doing. Where there is no express statement as to whether or not legal relations are intended the courts apply one of two presumptions: social, domestic and family arrangements are not usually intended by the parties involved to be binding, commercial agreements are usually intended to be legally binding (BPP Professional Education, 2004). One of the case examples for intention to create legal relation is the case Balfour vs Balfour 1919 (referred to Appendix A). The case is that a husband promised to pay his wife  £30 a month to return to Ceylon wit h him but later the marriage ended in divorce and the wife sued the husband for the monthly allowance which he no longer paid. In this case, because of the informal agreement of indefinite duration made between husband and wife was not intended to be legally binding so that the wife cannot sue the husband for the money. There is also very important element for the contract which is the legal capacity to contract. Capacity refers to the fact that the law regards some groups as being unable to enter into binding contractual arrangements, because they might not be in a position to fully understand the agreement they have entered into. The groups include minor, mental disorders and drunkenness (BPP Professional Education, 2004). From January 1, 1970, the Family Law Reform Act 1969 reduced the age of majority to 18 and authorized the term minor as an alternative to infant. Minor is now the preferred term. The capacity of a minor to contract is still regulated by the common law, modified by the Minors Contracts Act 1987 which repealed a troublesome statute, the Infants Relief Act 1874 (Doti Chee, 2009). There is a case of Nash vs Inman 1908 (referred to Appendix A). In this case a Saville Row tailor sued an infant Cambridge student for the price of clothes (including 11 fancy waistcoats) he had supplied. The tailor failed in his action because the student was already adequately supplied with clothes because the clothes were not necessaries so that the minor was not binding by the contract. The next key element of the contract is the form of contract. The contract can be made in writing or oral or implied by conduct. The general rule is that a contract may be in any form (written or oral) but a minority of contracts have to be made in a particular form. Firstly implied terms are those terms which, although not expressly stated by the parties by words or conduct, are by law deemed to be part of the contract. Moreover the terms can be implied into contracts by custom, by courts or by statute (Doti Chee, 2009). On the other hand, writing make it easier to prove the contents o the contract but it is not usually necessary unless related to one of the following: contracts by deed, in writing, evidenced in writing or contracts made through the internet and by e-mail. Those are the formalities of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Contracts which must be by deed include leases for three years or more, a conveyance or transfer o a legal estate in land and a promise not supported by consideration. On the other hand the contracts which must be in writing include a transfer of shares in a limited company, the sale or disposition of an interest in land, bills of exchange and cheques, consumer credit contracts. Furthermore some contracts may be made orally but are not enforceable in a court unless there is written evidence of their terms. The most important contract of this type is the contract of guarantee. A signed note of the material terms of the contract is sufficient (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There is a case of Clyde Mason vs. Charley Tatum (referred to Appendix A) in the form of contract. In this case Clyde Mason as a minor went into a contract of buying land with Charley Tatum and the contract is made in writing after some days before the delivery the price of the land was doubled and the adult refused to do his performance o the contract. The minor sued for that. This case study is an example of the form of contracts which must be by deed. So in decision because the contract is binding for the adult so Tatum had to do his duties as in the contract with the minor. The consent is also one of the key elements of the contract. The validity of a contract may be affected if a person has been misled into a contract or if the parties have come to agreement but are actually at cross-purposes, for example one of them is mistaken as to the precise nature of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In consent there are four violating factors which are mistakes, misrepresentations, duress and undue influence. An intentional act done out of mistake may occasionally be defensible if it was reasonable. On the other hand a misrepresentation is a false statement of fact made by one party to another, which, whilst not being a term of the contract, induces the other party to enter the contract. The effect of an actionable misrepresentation is to make the contract voidable; giving the innocent party the right to rescind the contract and/or claim damages (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). Duress is a possible legal defense, one of four of the most important jus tification defenses, by which defendants argue that they should not be held liable because the actions that broke the law were only performed out of an immediate fear of injury. In order for duress to qualify as a defense, four requirements must be met: threat must be of serious bodily harm or death, harm threatened must be greater than the harm caused by the crime, threat must be immediate and inescapable and the defendant must have become involved in the situation through no fault of his or her own (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). While undue influence is a judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon weak and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. In order to establish the undue influence four elements must be shown. A judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon weak and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. Second, there must be an opportunity for exercising undue influence. Th ird, there must be evidence that the defendant was inclined to exercise undue influence over the victim. Fourth, the record must reveal an unnatural or suspicious transaction (Legal explanations, accessed 2009). As example of the consent the case of ICI v Shatwell 1965 (referred to Appendix A) is the most common one. Because of the electric cable was too short so that two experienced shot firers decided to go against the law they carried out the test without taking cover before doing so and there was a premature explosion and both were injured. They sued the employer. In this case they had consented to the risk. The employer was not liable since it had not been negligent nor had it committed or permitted a breach of statutory duty over safety procedures. The injured men were trained for their work and properly left to carry out safety procedures of which they were well aware. So they cannot sue the employer for that. The last key element of contract is the legality of object. Legality is an agreement to be an enforceable contract must contemplate the attainment of an object not expressly forbidden by law nor contrary to public policy. For example: An agreement for the sale of realty to be used expressly for the sale of alcoholic beverages is unenforceable as its object is contrary to law. So also an agreement by which A, a confirmed woman hater, promises B a house for Bs promise never to marry, is against public policy, as discouraging marriage, and therefore unenforceable (Chest of book, accessed 2009). The courts will not enforce a contract which is deemed to be illegal or contrary to public policy. 1b. Analyze the scenario from the perspective of the law of contract. Apply the rules of offer and acceptance in a given scenario, also considering any impact of new technology Firstly as for review of the online transaction, we will go to look at the formation of contract. Contract is agreement between two or more parties which is enforceable at law (Doti Chee, 2009). However in order to be valid and enforceable by the law, the requirements for formation of contract are agreement and consideration. There is sometimes said to be a third element, namely, intention to create legal relations. But this third element is rarely a problem and it is true to say that, if it is a separate element, it goes without saying in the vast majority of cases (ANU College of law, accessed 2009). A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand agreement is the meeting of minds between two more legally competent parties, about their relative dut ies rights regarding current or future performance (Business Dictionary, accessed 2009). Furthermore to determine whether or not an agreement has been reached, the courts will consider whether or not party has made a firm offer which the other party has accepted. Offer and acceptance are the key elements of agreement. The agreements must contain the offer which is a defined promise to be bound on specific term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for this case of online transaction, the principles governing the formation of written and oral contract can also be apply to contracts concluded through the internet. The contracts which are made through the internet also need an offer and acceptance to be valid. Moreover according to the electronic transaction act 1999 and confirmed by s.11 of the Electronic Transaction Act. Cap 88, the website containing the details and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat (ComLaw, accessed 2009). Invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the view to forming a binding contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There are four types of invitation to treat which are auction sales, advertisements, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for tenders. As mentioned above the website containing the details and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat so that it must follow the rule of invitation to treat. Its rule is that invitation to treat is not offer. It is an invitation to do business with another party and it is not an offer but an invitation to others to make offers. One of the common case examples for invitation to treat is the case of Patridge vs Crittenden 1968 (referred to Appendix B). Mr Patridge placed an advertisement in Cage and Aviary Birds magazine containing the words Bramblefinch cocks, bramblefinch hens, 25s each. The RSOCA brought a prosecution for offering for a sale of protected species in contravention of the protection of Birds Act 1953. The justices convicted Patridge and he was sued. The advertisement of Mr Patridge was considered as an invitation to treat so according to the rule of invitation to treat it is not an offer. The prosecution could not rely on the offence of the offering for sale, as the advertisement constituted an invitation to treat. He was therefore not making an offer. In this case there are two contracts were formed between Tuans company and Sally, a university student with Tech Ltd. Tech Ltd is Singapore listed company selling computers and other IT products in Ha Noi and they had recently established its own website to offer for sale various products over the internet. Firstly for the existing contract between Tuans company and Tech Ltd it is a valid contract. The rules of offer are that it must be communicated, may be made to world, may be revoked at any time and distinguished from binding options and from invitation to treat. On the other hand the rules of acceptance are it must relate to offer, mental acceptance is insufficient but may be inferred, must be unqualified, method must conform with other, if offer silent as to method that chosen to be appropriate, if it is mailed effective from time of posting and communicate may be dispensed with (Doti Chee, 2009). According to the rules of offer and acceptance in the contract between Tuans company and Tech Ltd there was an offer and acceptance. The online transaction as mentioned above is considered as invitation to treat. However the system in Tech Ltd works in the following manner: every time an order was placed by a buyer after filling up the requisite form, which included the furnishing of a va lid credit card account, it would be followed by an automated reply from Tech Ltd that the transaction was successful. It means that by filling the form with valid information Tuan had already made an offer to Tech Ltd and then automatically they will send a reply to confirm that the transaction was successful and it is considered as an acceptance from Tech Ltd to Tuans offer. There is also legal intention between two parties so that the contract between Tuan and Tech Ltd is a valid contract. In this case if Tech Ltd did not deliver the 4,000 sets of computers it means that they breach the contract. Because the contract is a valid contract so that both parties are binding by the contract, they must do their duties as in the contract stated. If Tech Ltd breached the contract Mr. Tuan can sue them for that if they did not have any reasonable reasons. However in this case Tech Ltd can proof that Tuan violated the contract by capitalizing on Techs mistake. Because of an error committed by an employee of Tech Ltd, the price of the printer was altered to $388 on the website, which normally retailed at $3,800. Tech Ltd can proof that Tuan based on that mistake to make contract with Tech Ltd. Because Tuan is the owner of a shop that sold IT peripherals, including a few sets of the said laser printer. So that he came to know about the real price of the printer and the extraordinarily low price offered by Tech Ltd. Furthermore according to the rule of unilateral mistake which is wh ere one party is mistaken as to the terms of the contract and the other knows this, the contract will be void regardless of whether the terms is fundamental (Doti Chee, 2009), the contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company is a void contract because Tuan knew about the mistake of Tech Ltd. There is a similar case of unilateral mistake which is the case of Hartlog v Colin and Shields 1939 (referred to Appendix B). In this case by mistake the defendants offered at the same price per pound instead of per piece, which obviously worked out much cheaper. After that they realized their mistake, the sellers refused to deliver the skins and were sued by the buyers for breach of contract. However in this case because the buyers were aware of the sellers mistake so that there was no contract as same in the case of Tech Ltd and Tuans company. In conclusion because there is a unilateral mistake of Tech Ltd and Tuan knew about his so that in application o unilateral mistake rule the contract is void contract and Tuan cannot sue Tech Ltd for breach of contract. However in this case if Tuans company agreed to sell those ordered printer to the third party, they cannot maintain their rights against Tech even though they may be a bona fide purchaser. Because there is no contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company so the goods are not belonging to Tuans company and they cannot sell it. Tech Ltd had the rights to take back their goods and the third party did not have the rights against Tech Ltd. The second contract in this case is the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally, a university student, because the transaction was taking in the same manner with the case of Tuans company which is through the website o Tech Ltd. Sally placed one set of the laser printer through the same system which means she offered to buy a printer through Tech Ltds website and then they automatically sent a reply to confirm the transaction was successful. It means that they were accepting the offer from Sally to sell one set of printer with the given price on the website. The contract had both offer and acceptance so that there was a valid contract between Tech Ltd and Sally. However because of the mistake committed by an employee of Tech Ltd the price of the printer was altered to $388 which is extraordinarily low price. Sally saw Tech Ltds website and thought that the price of $388 was very reasonable and she is a university student so she cannot know the real price of the printer and she did not know that there was a mistake from the employee. According to the rule of common mistake which is if one party makes a mistake and the other party is unaware of the mistake, the contract is binding, so that the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally is a valid contract. In this case Sally as a student so she cannot know the real price and the mistake of Tech Ltd. Furthermore because of that reason Tech Ltd cannot proof that Sally actually knew the contract is under a mistake. Moreover there also a similar case of common mistake which is Centrovincial Estates plc vs Merchant Investors Assurance Co Ltd (1983) (referred to Appendix B). In this case a landlord offered, by mistake, to renew his tenants lease at a rent of  £65,000 a year; he had meant to offer it at  £126,000. The tenant, unaware of the mistake, accepted the offer. It means that the tenant did not know about the mistake so that the contract was binding to both parties. In conclusion the contract was binding with Tech Ltd and if they did not deliver the printer to Sally, she can sue them for that. Lastly for Tech Ltd to prevent similar situation in the future they should build a structure or system based on the counter offer. As has been said acceptance must be unqualified agreement to the terms of offer. Acceptance which purports to introduce any new terms is a counter offer. If counter offer is made, the original offeror may accept it but he rejects it his original offer is no longer available for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example it is the case of Butler Machin Tool Co vs Ex-cell-O Corp 1979 (referred to Appendix B). In this case the claimant offered to sell tools to the defendant. However the defendant accepted the offer enclosing their own standard terms which differed from those of the claimant. The claimant ackno